
Evolution of wall pressure fluctuations in flow over the DARPA SUBOFF model
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In this study, wall-resolved large-eddy simulation is conducted to investigate the evolution of wall pressure fluctuations in flow over the DARPA SUBOFF bare model at {\mathrm{Re}}_\mathrm{L}\mathrm{\ =\ 1.1\times}{\mathrm{10}}^\mathrm{6}. Due to the coexistence of convex and concave streamwise curvatures, the flow in the stern region features alternating zones of favorable and adverse pressure gradients (APG). The simulation validates the experimental findings by Balantrapu et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 960, 2023, A28), confirming that in APG-dominant axisymmetric boundary layers without streamwise curvatures, the root-mean-square wall pressure fluctuations (\mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{w,rms}}) decreases downstream alongside the wall shear stress (\mathrm{\tau}_\mathrm{w}), maintaining a constant ratio of \sfrac{\mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{w,rms}}}{\mathrm{\tau}_\mathrm{w}}. This study further finds that when streamwise curvatures and strong streamwise pressure-gradient variations present, this relationship breaks down. Instead, the local maximum Reynolds shear stress \mathrm{-\rho}usunmax emerges as a more robust pressure scaling parameter and more significant contributor in in APG-dominant axisymmetric boundary layers.