
Aerodynamic testing of rotor sails: A scaling challenge
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A major challenge when predicting the performance and loads of wind propulsion systems, is the lack of data, numerical or experimental, representative of the full-scale conditions. Figure 1, shows an overview of the ReD = (ρUD)/µ used in recent experimental (e.g. Bordogna et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2023; Deybach et al., 2024) and numerical (e.g. Jiang et al., 2024; Kwon et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2024; Massaro et al., 2024) rotor sail studies. In conventional atmospheric wind tunnels the reduced diameter (D) of rotor-sail models makes it difficult to simultaneously match the Reynolds number and velocity ratios of full-scale conditions. In this work, we propose using a pressurized wind tunnel facility to overcome this limitation. The advantage of pressurized wind tunnel testing, over a conventional atmospheric tests, lies in the ability to modify the fluid density (ρ) and free-stream velocity (U) to match both ReD and k. To this end wind tunnel experiments at the High-Reynolds Number Test Facility (HRTF) have been conducted on a rotor-sail model of AR= 5 and 6 and endplate sizes D/De = 1.6 and 3 in the ReD range indicated in Figure 1. With this presentation, we would like to contribute to the invited session in Simulation Methods For Wind Propulsion Of Ships by: 1) Providing an overview of the challenges in experimentally simulating rotor sails, which limit the availability of benchmark experimental data for CFD at representative conditions. 2) Providing a first step toward high-Reynolds number experimental benchmark data for CFD simulations. 3) Provide insight into the Reynolds number dependence of the aerodynamic loads, which can be used to guide future CFD simulations.