Non-equilibrium effects on rough-wall turbulent boundary layers
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Rough-wall boundary layers over bio fouled ship hulls experience non-equilibrium conditions due to a variety of reasons related to operating environment and/or design choices. This non-equilibrium could be due to the spatially varying pressure gradients that is typically experienced due to surface contours of the ship hull or due to the spatially heterogeneous roughness due to clustering of marine fouling. Both these conditions lead to challenges in predictions as most of our current design/prediction tools cannot account for non-equilibrium. In this work, we explore both these cases of non-equilibrium through wind tunnel experiments.